Vyasa`s Mahabharata`s Parva

The Structure of Mahabharata

Before delving into a specific Parva, it’s essential to understand the overall structure of the Mahabharata. The epic is divided into two main sections – the Adi Parva (The Book of the Beginning) and the Sabha Parva (The Book of the Assembly). The Sabha Parva is further divided into Parvas, each dealing with a specific aspect of the epic narrative. These Parvas are:

• Adi Parva (The Book of the Beginning): The foundational Parva that sets the stage for the events in the Mahabharata. It includes the birth of the Kuru and Pandava princes, their education, and early conflicts.

• Sabha Parva (The Book of the Assembly): This section primarily revolves around the dice game where Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava, loses his kingdom and himself and his brothers into exile.

• Vana Parva (The Book of the Forest): The Parva that describes the Pandavas’ exile in the forest, their encounters with sages, and the Nivatakavachas.

• Virata Parva (The Book of Virata): This Parva narrates the Pandavas’ stay in disguise at the court of King Virata, culminating in the war against the Kauravas.

• Udyoga Parva (The Book of the Effort): The section detailing the diplomatic efforts and preparations for the Kurukshetra War.

• Bhishma Parva (The Book of Bhishma): The Parva where Bhishma imparts his wisdom on dharma and conducts the first ten days of the war.

• Drona Parva (The Book of Drona): Focused on the role of Dronacharya as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army.

• Karna Parva (The Book of Karna): This Parva deals with the role of Karna in the Kurukshetra War, his tragic life story, and his interactions with various characters.

• Shalya Parva (The Book of Shalya): Narrating the events on the eighteenth day of the war and the tragic end of Karna.

• Sauptika Parva (The Book of the Sleeping Warriors): Describing the night after the eighteenth day of the war, highlighting the atrocities committed during the war.

• Stri Parva (The Book of the Women): Focused on the aftermath of the war, particularly the lamentations of the women who lost their loved ones.

• Shanti Parva (The Book of Peace): A comprehensive discourse on dharma, ethics, and righteousness delivered by Bhishma to Yudhishthira.

• Anushasana Parva (The Book of Instructions): Further instructions and teachings by Bhishma on various aspects of life, ethics, and dharma.

• Ashvamedhika Parva (The Book of the Horse Sacrifice): Narrating Yudhishthira’s Ashvamedha Yagna and the events surrounding it.

• Ashramavasika Parva (The Book of the Hermitage): Describing the Pandavas’ retirement to the forest and their eventual departure from the world.

• Mausala Parva (The Book of the Clubs): Depicting the destruction of the Yadava clan and the end of Lord Krishna’s earthly presence.

• Mahaprasthanika Parva (The Book of the Great Journey): Describing the Pandavas’ journey towards the Himalayas and their ultimate ascent to heaven.

• Svargarohana Parva (The Book of the Ascent to Heaven): The concluding Parva, narrating the final ascent of the Pandavas to heaven.

Now, let’s focus on a specific Parva, exploring its themes, key events, and philosophical significance.

Bhishma Parva: The Book of Bhishma

The Bhishma Parva, also known as the Book of Bhishma, is the eighth Parva of the Mahabharata. It primarily focuses on the role of Bhishma Pitamah, the grand patriarch of the Kuru dynasty, as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army during the Kurukshetra War. This Parva spans from the tenth day to the eighteenth day of the war and is characterized by Bhishma’s unwavering commitment to his vow of lifelong celibacy and loyalty to Hastinapura.

Key Events in Bhishma Parva:

1. Bhishma’s Oath:

Bhishma took a solemn vow of lifelong celibacy, ensuring that he would not ascend the throne of Hastinapura, allowing his father Shantanu to marry Satyavati. This oath became a central theme throughout Bhishma’s life, defining his character and actions.

2. Bhishma’s Role as Commander:

On the tenth day of the Kurukshetra War, Bhishma assumed the role of the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army. Despite being on the opposite side of the Pandavas, Bhishma’s military prowess and adherence to dharma earned him respect from both sides.

3. Bhishma’s Strategic Brilliance:

Throughout the Bhishma Parva, Bhishma displayed remarkable strategic brilliance on the battlefield. His understanding of military tactics, use of celestial weapons, and valor made him a formidable opponent.

4. Fall of Bhishma:

On the tenth day, Bhishma wreaked havoc on the Pandava army, causing significant losses. However, realizing the need to fulfill his vow, he decided to withdraw his lethal attacks. On the tenth night, Bhishma laid down on a bed of arrows, choosing the moment of his death.

5. Bhishma’s Discourse:

Before his death, Bhishma delivered a series of discourses to Yudhishthira on various aspects of dharma, righteousness, and the duties of a king. These teachings, known as the Bhishma Parva or Bhishma Gita, are a philosophical highlight of the Mahabharata.

6. Shikhandi and Bhishma’s Demise:

The Pandavas, recognizing Bhishma as their major obstacle, placed Shikhandi, a eunuch and former princess Amba, in front of Arjuna during the battle. Bhishma, due to his vow, refrained from attacking Shikhandi, allowing Arjuna to shoot arrows at him. This strategic move led to Bhishma’s eventual fall.

7. Bhishma’s Blessings:

Before his death, Bhishma blessed the Pandavas, imparting wisdom and guidance for their future endeavors. His blessings held significant importance in shaping the destiny of the Kuru dynasty.

Philosophical Insights in Bhishma Parva:

1. Dharma and Duty:

Bhishma’s life was a testament to his unwavering commitment to dharma and duty. His oath of celibacy, even at the cost of personal happiness, exemplifies the sacrifices one must make in upholding righteous conduct.

2. Bhishma Gita:

Bhishma’s discourses to Yudhishthira in the Bhishma Parva cover a wide range of philosophical and ethical topics. He imparts lessons on governance, morality, the duties of a king, and the path to righteousness. The Bhishma Gita serves as a philosophical guide within the broader context of the Mahabharata.

3. The Complexity of Human Emotions:

Bhishma’s internal struggles and emotions during the war reflect the complexity of human nature. Despite being on the side of the Kauravas, he harbored affection for the Pandavas, especially for his beloved grand-nephews.

4. The Power of Vows:

Bhishma’s adherence to his vow of celibacy and his commitment to Hastinapura’s throne despite personal desires emphasize the power and significance of vows in shaping an individual’s life.

5. The Role of Fate and Free Will:

Bhishma’s acceptance of his destiny and his willingness to play his role in the larger cosmic order raise questions about the interplay between fate and free will. His actions are both predetermined and shaped by personal choices.

6. Teachings on Leadership:

Bhishma’s insights into governance and leadership provide valuable lessons on effective rulership. His emphasis on justice, compassion, and the welfare of the subjects reflects the qualities of an ideal king.

Conclusion:

The Bhishma Parva, with its focus on Bhishma’s role in the Kurukshetra War and his philosophical discourses, serves as a crucial juncture in the Mahabharata. It delves into profound philosophical questions, ethical dilemmas, and the complexities of human nature. Bhishma’s life and teachings continue to resonate with readers, offering timeless lessons on duty, righteousness, and the eternal struggle between conflicting values. As we navigate the intricate narrative of the Mahabharata, the Bhishma Parva stands as a beacon of wisdom, guiding us through the intricacies of life, morality, and the pursuit of dharma.

Character Sketch of Gandhari:

Gandhari, a pivotal character in the Mahabharata, is a woman whose life unfolds in the shadows of great events, overshadowed by the epic’s more prominent figures. Yet, her character is profound, embodying strength, sacrifice, and tragic destiny. In this character sketch, we delve into the multifaceted personality of Gandhari, exploring her background, choices, and the impact she had on the Mahabharata narrative.

Background and Birth:

Gandhari, the daughter of King Subala of Gandhara, was a woman of exceptional beauty and virtue. However, her life took an unexpected turn when the astrologers predicted that she would marry a blind man. Accepting her destiny with grace, Gandhari married Dhritarashtra, the eldest Kuru prince who was born blind. Her decision to bind herself to a life of darkness demonstrated her unwavering commitment and sacrifice from the outset.

The Sacrifice of Sight:

One of Gandhari’s defining moments occurs immediately after her marriage. Upon learning of Dhritarashtra’s blindness, Gandhari, in an extraordinary display of solidarity, chose to blindfold herself for the rest of her life. This symbolic act mirrored her dedication to her husband, signifying her refusal to enjoy the privilege of sight that he was denied. Gandhari’s sacrifice serves as a testament to her loyalty, establishing her as a character of rare virtue and strength.

Maternal Tragedy:

Gandhari’s journey as a mother is fraught with challenges and tragedies. She gave birth to one hundred sons, the Kauravas, through the divine intervention of Sage Vyasa. However, the circumstances surrounding her pregnancies were unusual. Frustrated by her prolonged pregnancy, Gandhari once struck her abdomen, resulting in a lump of flesh. Vyasa divided this lump into one hundred parts, each growing into a prince.

Despite her love for her sons, Gandhari faced moments of deep sorrow and disappointment. The complexities of sibling rivalry and the eventual descent of her sons into the path of adharma (unrighteousness) weighed heavily on her heart. Gandhari’s maternal anguish adds layers to her character, portraying her not just as a queen but as a grieving mother caught in the vortex of destiny.

Dharma and Moral Dilemmas:

Gandhari’s character is also marked by her commitment to dharma and ethical considerations. While she loved her sons, she was not blind to their faults. On multiple occasions, she attempted to guide them toward righteousness, urging Duryodhana and the Kauravas to follow the path of virtue. Her internal struggles and efforts to balance loyalty to her children with a commitment to righteousness showcase the moral complexity inherent in the Mahabharata.

Gandhari’s confrontation with Lord Krishna, after the great war, exemplifies her moral stance. While grieving the loss of her sons, she questioned Krishna about his role in the war. Krishna, in turn, justified his actions, emphasizing the inevitability of the conflict and the necessity of establishing dharma. Gandhari’s unwavering adherence to principles, even in the face of personal tragedy, underscores her moral strength.

Counselor and Supporter:

Throughout the epic, Gandhari played the role of a counselor and supporter to her husband, Dhritarashtra. Despite her personal trials, she stood by him, offering solace and advice. Gandhari’s ability to navigate the complexities of the Kuru court, her wisdom, and her capacity for empathy make her more than a passive observer. Her influence on Dhritarashtra, though often subtle, highlights her significance in shaping the course of events.

Curse and Redemption:

Gandhari’s character reaches a tragic climax with the conclusion of the war. Her grief at the loss of her sons transforms into anger, and she directs a curse at Lord Krishna. Although Krishna accepted the curse as a consequence of his actions, it also serves as a reminder of Gandhari’s formidable spiritual power.

In the later years, after the war’s devastation, Gandhari, along with Dhritarashtra, chose to retire to the forest for penance. Her pursuit of spiritual redemption reflects a deep introspection, transcending the worldly attachments that had defined much of her life.

Legacy and Impact:

Gandhari’s legacy extends beyond her mortal life. Her story, marked by sacrifice, tragedy, and moral dilemmas, resonates as a timeless tale of a woman navigating the complexities of duty, love, and destiny. While her character might be overshadowed by the grandeur of other figures in the Mahabharata, Gandhari’s quiet strength and enduring principles contribute significantly to the epic’s profound narrative.

 Gandhari emerges as a character of remarkable depth and complexity in the Mahabharata. Her life is a tapestry woven with threads of sacrifice, loyalty, moral quandaries, and tragic destiny. Gandhari’s unwavering commitment to dharma, her role as a mother and wife, and her ultimate pursuit of spiritual redemption make her a compelling and thought-provoking figure in Hindu mythology.

 Character Sketch of Kunti:

Kunti, a central figure in the Mahabharata, is a character of strength, resilience, and maternal devotion. Her life is marked by challenges and choices that shape the destiny of the Kuru dynasty. In this character sketch, we delve into the multifaceted personality of Kunti, exploring her background, relationships, and the impact she had on the epic narrative.

Background and Birth:

Kunti, also known as Pritha, was the daughter of King Shurasena and the sister of Vasudeva, making her the maternal aunt of Lord Krishna. Her life took a dramatic turn when she was given in adoption to King Kuntibhoja of Kunti kingdom. Thus, she came to be known as Kunti.

Kunti’s early years were characterized by her devotion to the sage Durvasa, who blessed her with a mantra that allowed her to invoke any deity and bear a child from them. However, the unintended consequences of this boon became evident later in her life.

Maternal Responsibilities:

Kunti’s journey as a mother began with her testing the mantra, resulting in the births of three sons—Yudhishthira from Lord Yama, Bhima from Lord Vayu, and Arjuna from Lord Indra. Due to social constraints, she had to set them afloat in the river, and they were later adopted by King Dhritarashtra and Queen Gandhari.

While Kunti’s initial decisions might seem unconventional, they were driven by a sense of duty and her belief in destiny. The separation from her sons haunted her, but she carried the burden with grace and fortitude.

The Marriage to Pandu:

Kunti’s life took a different trajectory when she married King Pandu. Despite the challenges that Pandu faced due to a curse that prevented him from having children, Kunti’s unique ability to invoke deities through the boon from Durvasa played a crucial role in shaping the lineage of the Kuru dynasty.

During Pandu’s incapacity, Kunti invoked the deities again, leading to the births of Nakula and Sahadeva from the Ashwini Kumaras. Kunti’s sense of responsibility and her commitment to ensuring the continuation of the Kuru lineage showcase her strength as a wife and queen.

The Tragedy of Pandu’s Death:

The sudden demise of Pandu marked a turning point in Kunti’s life. Her grief was compounded by the responsibility of raising the Pandavas in a complex political environment. Kunti’s strength as a mother and a leader emerged as she navigated the challenges of the Kuru court, ensuring her sons received the education and training necessary for their future roles.

Kunti’s guidance and support were instrumental in shaping the characters of Yudhishthira, Bhima, and Arjuna. Her role as a mother became even more critical as the Pandavas faced adversity, including the infamous dice game that led to their exile.

Exile and Challenges:

Kunti accompanied her sons into exile in the forest, facing numerous hardships. The forest exile tested the bonds of the Pandava brothers and subjected them to various trials. Kunti’s unwavering support, wisdom, and maternal strength provided a source of solace and inspiration during these challenging times.

Her presence in the forest and her ability to guide her sons through adversity demonstrated not only her maternal love but also her resilience in the face of adversity.

The Revelation and Dharma:

One of the most poignant moments in Kunti’s life occurred when Karna, her firstborn, revealed his identity to her. Karna, raised as the son of a charioteer, sought recognition from his mother. Kunti’s internal struggle, torn between her maternal instincts and her sense of duty to her other sons, highlights the moral complexities of the Mahabharata.

Kunti’s decision to keep Karna’s identity a secret for so long was rooted in her concerns about societal norms and the potential implications for her other sons. This revelation added layers to Kunti’s character, showcasing her internal conflicts and the sacrifices she made in the pursuit of dharma.

The Kurukshetra War:

As the epic reached its climax with the Kurukshetra War, Kunti faced the heart-wrenching reality of her sons being pitted against each other. Her anguish as a mother torn between the loyalty to her birth son, Karna, and her duty to her sons from Pandu reflects the emotional depth of her character.

Kunti’s conversations with Krishna and her attempts to prevent the war, including appeals to Duryodhana, underscore her commitment to peace and dharma. Her role as a mediator and peacemaker amidst the chaos of the battlefield showcases her moral strength.

The Final Years:

After the war, as the Pandavas ruled Hastinapura, Kunti chose to retire to the forest along with Dhritarashtra and Gandhari. This decision reflected her detachment from the political power struggles and a desire for spiritual contemplation.

Kunti’s eventual journey to the Himalayas, accompanied by Lord Krishna, marked the culmination of her earthly existence. Her life, marked by trials, sacrifices, and unwavering devotion, came full circle as she attained salvation in the divine abode.

Legacy and Impact:

Kunti’s character leaves an indelible mark on the Mahabharata, portraying a woman of remarkable strength, resilience, and maternal love. Her choices, sacrifices, and unwavering commitment to dharma make her a timeless figure, resonating across generations.

In conclusion, Kunti emerges as a central figure in the Mahabharata, embodying the complexities of motherhood, duty, and sacrifice. Her journey from a young princess with a unique boon to a wise and resilient queen and mother is a testament to the profound themes embedded in the epic narrative. Kunti’s character enriches the Mahabharata with its depth, moral dilemmas, and enduring lessons.